Browse Medications by Medical Condition: Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)
Written by Amar Lunagaria
Pharm.D • NiHowdy Founder
Reviewed by James Wong
Pharm.D • NiHowdy Founder
Published Jan 15, 2025
Fact checkedWhat is Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)?
Skin infections like cellulitis and impetigo are common and can affect anyone, but they tend to be more severe in those with weakened immune systems, children, or the elderly. Cellulitis is a deep skin infection that affects the inner layers of the skin and underlying tissues, typically caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus or Staphylococcus. It can lead to redness, swelling, pain, and warmth, often on the legs or arms. Impetigo, on the other hand, is a superficial, highly contagious skin infection, often seen in children, characterized by blisters or sores that form crusts. Both conditions are significant because, if left untreated, they can lead to serious complications like the spread of infection or, in severe cases, blood infections.
History of Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)?
Skin infections have been recognized for centuries, with early treatments relying on herbal remedies and other traditional methods. Cellulitis was historically understood as a general inflammation of the skin, and impetigo was often confused with other similar rashes. The development of antibiotics in the 20th century dramatically improved the treatment of bacterial skin infections, leading to a better understanding of their causes and more effective therapies. Over time, as healthcare practices advanced, physicians identified different bacterial strains responsible for these infections, enhancing diagnosis and treatment strategies.
What causes Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)?
Cellulitis is typically caused by bacteria entering the skin through a break or wound, such as cuts, insect bites, or surgical incisions. The most common bacteria responsible for cellulitis are Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. Impetigo is also caused by bacteria, specifically Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes, and it is highly contagious. It is commonly spread through direct skin contact or contact with contaminated surfaces, particularly in settings like schools or daycare centers. Factors like poor hygiene, skin conditions like eczema, or compromised immune systems can increase the risk of both infections.
Risk factors for Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)
Risk factors for cellulitis include having a weakened immune system, chronic skin conditions (like athlete's foot), diabetes, poor circulation, or any cuts or wounds that break the skin. For impetigo, young children are particularly vulnerable, especially in warm, humid environments where bacteria thrive. Individuals who live in crowded conditions, participate in contact sports, or have compromised immune systems are at a higher risk for both cellulitis and impetigo. Other factors such as poor hygiene, insect bites, and poor skin care can also increase susceptibility.
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How to prevent Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)
Preventing cellulitis involves keeping the skin clean and treating any wounds or cuts promptly to prevent bacterial infection. Individuals should wash their hands regularly and practice good hygiene, especially after touching or handling potentially contaminated surfaces. For those with chronic skin conditions like athlete's foot or eczema, it is important to manage these conditions to prevent breaks in the skin. Preventing impetigo primarily involves avoiding close contact with infected individuals and washing hands and affected areas thoroughly. Keeping cuts, scrapes, and insect bites clean and covered can also help reduce the risk of both conditions.
Symptoms of Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)
Cellulitis symptoms include red, swollen, and painful skin, often with warmth and tenderness at the site of infection. Fever, chills, and fatigue may also accompany cellulitis. Impetigo symptoms typically include red sores or blisters that rupture, ooze, and then form a yellow-brown crust. The sores most commonly appear around the nose and mouth, although they can occur anywhere on the body. In some cases, impetigo can lead to swollen lymph nodes near the infected area. Both conditions may cause itching and discomfort.
When to see a doctor about Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)
How is Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo) diagnosed?
Diagnosis of cellulitis and impetigo is generally based on clinical examination, with a healthcare provider evaluating the appearance and location of the infection. For cellulitis, the doctor will typically assess the affected area for signs of redness, swelling, and warmth, and may inquire about any recent injuries or underlying conditions like diabetes or circulatory problems. For impetigo, diagnosis is based on the appearance of the characteristic sores and crusts. In some cases, a sample of the fluid from the sores may be cultured to identify the exact bacterial strain causing the infection.
Treatment options for Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)
Treatment for cellulitis typically involves oral or intravenous antibiotics, depending on the severity of the infection. Common antibiotics prescribed include cephalexin, dicloxacillin, or clindamycin, and sometimes, a combination of medications is used if the infection is more severe or resistant. For impetigo, treatment generally involves topical antibiotics like mupirocin ointment. If the infection is widespread or not improving, oral antibiotics such as amoxicillin-clavulanate may be prescribed. In both cases, keeping the affected area clean and dry is important to aid healing and prevent the infection from spreading.
List of drugs for Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)
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Medications used to treat Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)?
For cellulitis, antibiotics such as cephalexin, dicloxacillin, or clindamycin are commonly prescribed to target the bacteria causing the infection. In more severe cases, intravenous antibiotics like vancomycin may be required. For impetigo, topical antibiotics like mupirocin are effective in treating localized infections. In cases where impetigo spreads or does not respond to topical treatment, oral antibiotics such as amoxicillin-clavulanate or cephalexin may be used.
Lifestyle adjustments for managing Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)
To manage skin infections like cellulitis and impetigo, it is important to keep the affected areas clean and dry, following the treatment plan provided by a healthcare provider. Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently and avoiding touching or scratching the infected area, can prevent the spread of bacteria. Individuals should avoid sharing personal items such as towels, razors, or clothing, especially in the case of impetigo. In the case of cellulitis, elevating the affected limb can help reduce swelling. Staying hydrated and maintaining a healthy diet can support the body's ability to heal.
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Indirect and direct costs associated with Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)?
The direct costs associated with skin infections include medical expenses such as doctor visits, diagnostic tests, and medications. Hospitalization may be required for severe cellulitis, leading to additional costs for intravenous antibiotics and extended care. For impetigo, topical and oral antibiotics may also contribute to treatment expenses. Indirect costs include lost productivity due to missed work or school, as well as the potential need for caregiving if the infection is severe or persistent. Additionally, the social stigma associated with visible skin conditions like impetigo may lead to emotional distress and additional costs related to psychological care.
Living with Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)?
Living with skin infections can be challenging, particularly if they are recurrent or severe. People with cellulitis or impetigo should follow their treatment plans closely and practice good hygiene to prevent future infections. For those with recurring cellulitis, managing underlying conditions such as diabetes or circulatory problems is essential. Keeping the skin healthy, moisturized, and free from cuts or abrasions can help reduce the risk of infections. Emotional support and education about the infection's contagious nature can also help individuals cope with the social and physical aspects of skin infections.
Support resources for patients with Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)
Support resources for individuals with cellulitis or impetigo include online forums, educational websites like the American Academy of Dermatology, and support groups for people with chronic skin conditions. Dermatologists and healthcare providers can offer guidance on treatment and prevention. Additionally, local health departments may provide resources for those who have concerns about the spread of impetigo or need assistance with managing their skin infections.
The future of research for Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)
Ongoing research into skin infections, including cellulitis and impetigo, focuses on better understanding the bacteria responsible for these conditions and developing new antibiotics to treat resistant strains. Innovations in diagnostic techniques, such as rapid molecular testing, may allow for quicker identification of the bacterial causes of skin infections. Researchers are also exploring vaccine development to prevent common bacterial infections, which could reduce the incidence of both cellulitis and impetigo.
Innovations in care for Skin Infections (Cellulitis, Impetigo)
Innovations in skin infection care include the development of targeted antibiotics that more effectively treat resistant bacterial strains. Advances in topical treatments, such as new ointments or creams that promote faster healing and reduce scarring, are also being explored. Additionally, the use of mobile health technologies, including smartphone apps, can help individuals monitor their symptoms and manage their treatment plans more effectively.
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