Browse Medications by Medical Condition: Parkinson's Disease
Written by Amar Lunagaria
Pharm.D • NiHowdy Founder
Reviewed by James Wong
Pharm.D • NiHowdy Founder
Updated Jan 27, 2025
•Published Jan 15, 2025
Fact checkedWhat is Parkinson's Disease?
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement control. It occurs when nerve cells in the brain, particularly in an area called the substantia nigra, deteriorate or die. This results in a decrease in dopamine, a neurotransmitter responsible for smooth, coordinated muscle movements. Symptoms typically develop gradually and include tremors, stiffness, slowness of movement, and balance problems. Parkinson's disease often affects older adults and can significantly impact daily activities and quality of life. While there is no cure, treatments focus on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.
History of Parkinson's Disease?
Parkinson's disease was first described in 1817 by Dr. James Parkinson, a British physician, in his work "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy." Initially, it was considered a rare and poorly understood condition. Over the years, advances in neuroscience revealed that Parkinson's disease is linked to the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. In the mid-20th century, the development of levodopa, a medication that helps replenish dopamine, marked a major breakthrough in treatment. Continued research aims to find a cure and improve symptom management.
What causes Parkinson's Disease?
The exact cause of Parkinson's disease remains unknown, but several factors may contribute:
- Genetics: A small percentage of cases are inherited, with mutations in specific genes linked to the condition.
- Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins or pesticides may increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease.
- Age: The risk increases with age, as the brain's ability to repair itself declines over time.
- Lewy bodies: Abnormal clumps of protein, called Lewy bodies, accumulate in the brain and are a hallmark of the disease.","Risk factors include older age, family history of the disease, male gender, and exposure to certain environmental toxins. People with a history of head injuries or those who have been exposed to chemicals may also have a higher risk.
Risk factors for Parkinson's Disease
There is no known way to prevent Parkinson's disease, but some strategies may reduce the risk. Regular exercise, a healthy diet rich in antioxidants, and avoiding exposure to environmental toxins can support brain health. Protecting the head from injury and maintaining a healthy weight may also reduce risk factors.
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How to prevent Parkinson's Disease
Symptoms develop gradually and can vary, but the most common include:
- Tremors: Involuntary shaking, usually starting in the hands.
- Bradykinesia (slowness of movement): Reduced ability to initiate and complete movements.
- Muscle rigidity: Stiffness in the arms, legs, or neck.
- Postural instability: Difficulty with balance and coordination, leading to an increased risk of falls.
- Speech changes: Soft, slurred speech or monotone voice.
Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease
Consult a doctor if you experience tremors, unexplained muscle stiffness, difficulty with balance, or other movement-related issues. Early diagnosis can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
When to see a doctor about Parkinson's Disease
How is Parkinson's Disease diagnosed?
While there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Medications, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgery are used to manage the disease.
Medications: Levodopa (combined with carbidopa) is the most common treatment, as it replenishes dopamine in the brain. Other medications, such as dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors, may be used to manage symptoms.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS): This surgical procedure involves implanting a device that sends electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain, helping to control movement.
Treatment options for Parkinson's Disease
- Levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet): The primary medication used to treat Parkinson's, it replenishes dopamine.
- Dopamine agonists (e.g., pramipexole, ropinirole): Mimic dopamine in the brain.
- MAO-B inhibitors (e.g., selegiline, rasagiline): Slow the breakdown of dopamine.
- COMT inhibitors (e.g., entacapone): Help increase the effect of levodopa.
List of drugs for Parkinson's Disease
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Medications used to treat Parkinson's Disease?
Maintaining a regular exercise routine, including activities like walking, swimming, or yoga, can help improve mobility and balance. Eating a balanced diet, managing stress, and getting enough sleep are important for overall health. Occupational and speech therapy can also help with daily activities and communication.
Lifestyle adjustments for managing Parkinson's Disease
Direct costs include medical treatments, medications, doctor visits, and surgeries. Indirect costs include lost productivity, the need for long-term care, and the emotional and financial burden on family caregivers. The overall economic impact of Parkinson's disease is significant, both for individuals and society.
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Indirect and direct costs associated with Parkinson's Disease?
Living with Parkinson's disease requires adapting to changes in movement and daily life. Treatment plans should be personalized, and managing symptoms is an ongoing process. Support from family, friends, and healthcare professionals can improve quality of life. Joining support groups can also provide emotional support and practical advice.
Living with Parkinson's Disease?
The Parkinson's Foundation, Michael J. Fox Foundation, and local support groups offer resources, educational materials, and access to clinical trials. These organizations provide support for patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers, helping to navigate the challenges of living with Parkinson's disease.
Support resources for patients with Parkinson's Disease
Research into Parkinson's disease is focused on better understanding its causes, improving treatments, and ultimately finding a cure. Current studies include exploring gene therapy, new drug developments, and the role of stem cells in repairing damaged neurons. Advances in brain imaging techniques are also improving early diagnosis and treatment options.
The future of research for Parkinson's Disease
Innovative treatments such as wearable devices that monitor symptoms and assist with medication management are improving care. Researchers are also investigating new surgical techniques, including non-invasive approaches like focused ultrasound, and exploring the potential of stem cell therapies to regenerate damaged neurons.
Innovations in care for Parkinson's Disease
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