Captopril

The typical dosage of Captopril for adults depends on the condition being treated:

• Hypertension: The initial dose is usually 25 mg taken 2 to 3 times a day. The dosage may be adjusted depending on the patient's response, with a typical range of 25 mg to 150 mg per day.
• Heart Failure: The initial dose is 6.25 mg to 12.5 mg, taken 3 times a day. The maintenance dose may be increased to 50 mg, 2 to 3 times daily.
• Post-Heart Attack: The usual dose is 6.25 mg to 12.5 mg initially, then increased to a maintenance dose of 25 mg to 50 mg, 3 times a day.
• Diabetic Nephropathy: The typical dose is 25 mg, taken 3 times a day.

Captopril is contraindicated in patients with:

• A history of angioedema (swelling of the face, throat, or limbs) related to previous ACE inhibitor use.
• Hypersensitivity to Captopril or other ACE inhibitors.
• Pregnancy, especially during the second and third trimesters, as Captopril can cause harm or death to a developing fetus.
• Severe kidney impairment without proper monitoring.

Patients taking Captopril should be advised to:

• Take the medication exactly as prescribed, even if they feel well, as hypertension often has no noticeable symptoms.
• Monitor blood pressure regularly and keep a log of readings to share with their healthcare provider.
• Avoid potassium supplements or salt substitutes unless directed by a healthcare provider, as Captopril can increase potassium levels.
• Report any signs of angioedema, such as swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, immediately, as this can be life-threatening.
• Inform their healthcare provider if they experience persistent cough, a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.
• Stay well-hydrated but avoid excessive salt intake, as this can reduce the effectiveness of the medication.
• Be cautious when getting up from a sitting or lying position, as Captopril can cause dizziness or lightheadedness, especially when starting treatment.

• Cough
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Fatigue
• Rash
• Loss of taste or metallic taste

• Angioedema: Swelling of the face, lips, throat, or limbs, which can be life-threatening.
• Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels): Symptoms include muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, or fatigue.
• Kidney Dysfunction: Symptoms include changes in urine output, swelling, or unusual fatigue.
• Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension): Especially when starting treatment, particularly in patients who are dehydrated or on diuretics.
• Neutropenia: A rare but serious decrease in white blood cell count, which increases

Fetal Harm: Captopril can cause harm or death to a developing fetus, especially in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. It should not be used in women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant.

Angioedema: ACE inhibitors like Captopril can cause severe swelling of the face, throat, or limbs. This can occur at any time during treatment and requires immediate medical attention.

Hyperkalemia: Captopril can increase potassium levels, particularly in patients with kidney disease or those taking potassium supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics. Regular monitoring of potassium levels is required.

Kidney Function: Captopril can affect kidney function, particularly in patients with pre-existing kidney disease. Kidney function should be monitored regularly during treatment.

Captopril may interact with other medications, including:

• Potassium Supplements or Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Can increase the risk of hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).
• Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Such as ibuprofen or naproxen, which can reduce the effectiveness of Captopril and increase the risk of kidney damage.
• Lithium: Captopril can increase lithium levels, leading to potential toxicity.
• Diuretics (Water Pills): Can increase the risk of low blood pressure, particularly when starting Captopril therapy.

Patients should inform their healthcare provider of all medications and supplements they are taking to avoid potential interactions.

Alternative treatments for high blood pressure and heart failure include:

• Other ACE Inhibitors: Such as enalapril, lisinopril, or ramipril, which work similarly to Captopril but may have different dosing schedules.
• Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs): Such as losartan, valsartan, or irbesartan, which are often used in patients who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors due to side effects like coughing.
• Calcium Channel Blockers: Such as amlodipine or nifedipine, which help relax blood vessels.
• Beta-Blockers: Such as metoprolol or carvedilol, which reduce blood pressure by slowing the heart rate.