Browse Medications by Medical Condition: Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
Written by Amar Lunagaria
Pharm.D • NiHowdy Founder
Reviewed by James Wong
Pharm.D • NiHowdy Founder
Published Jan 15, 2025
Fact checkedWhat is Warts (Human Papillomavirus)?
Warts are small growths or lumps on the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, many of which can infect the skin and mucous membranes. Warts are typically benign (non-cancerous) and can appear on any part of the body, although they are most commonly found on the hands, feet, and face. The virus is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact or by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus. Warts are significant because although most are harmless, some strains of HPV can cause more serious conditions, including genital warts or, in rare cases, cancer, particularly in the cervix.
History of Warts (Human Papillomavirus)?
The association between warts and the human papillomavirus was recognized in the 20th century. Early observations of warts on the skin date back to ancient times, but it wasn't until the 1940s that scientists began to understand that they were caused by a viral infection. In the 1970s, researchers linked certain types of HPV to the development of genital warts, and later studies revealed the connection between high-risk HPV types and cervical cancer. As research advanced, HPV was found to be a major factor in various other cancers, leading to the development of preventive measures like the HPV vaccine.
What causes Warts (Human Papillomavirus)?
Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which infects the skin or mucous membranes. The virus enters the skin through tiny cuts or breaks, causing an overgrowth of skin cells. There are over 200 types of HPV, and while most cause harmless warts, some can lead to more serious health issues. The virus is spread through direct contact with an infected person or surface, such as when sharing towels, shoes, or other items. While most warts are benign, certain strains of HPV, particularly those associated with genital warts, can lead to an increased risk of cancers, such as cervical, anal, and throat cancers.
Risk factors for Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
Factors that increase the risk of developing warts include direct contact with someone who has the virus, a weakened immune system (e.g., due to HIV or immunosuppressive treatments), frequent exposure to moist environments (such as public showers or swimming pools), and having cuts or abrasions in the skin. People who have close skin-to-skin contact with others, such as athletes in contact sports, are also at higher risk. Genital warts are more common in sexually active individuals and those who have multiple sexual partners.
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How to prevent Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
Preventing warts involves avoiding direct contact with the virus or minimizing the chances of transmission. For skin warts, avoiding sharing personal items like towels, razors, or shoes can reduce the risk. Keeping cuts and abrasions clean and covered also helps prevent infection. Vaccination is the most effective method for preventing certain types of HPV, including those that cause genital warts and are associated with cancer. The HPV vaccine is recommended for both males and females, ideally before they become sexually active. Practicing safe sex, including the use of condoms, can reduce the risk of genital warts, though it does not completely eliminate the risk.
Symptoms of Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
Warts typically appear as small, raised, and rough growths on the skin. They can be flesh-colored, white, pink, or tan, and may have a hard, textured surface. On the hands and feet, warts may cause pain or discomfort, especially when walking or using the hands. Genital warts appear as soft, fleshy lumps in the genital or anal area and are often painless, though they can cause itching or irritation. Some people may not notice warts until they are more pronounced or until they cause discomfort.
When to see a doctor about Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
How is Warts (Human Papillomavirus) diagnosed?
Warts are usually diagnosed based on their appearance and location. A healthcare provider may examine the wart and inquire about the patient's medical history, lifestyle, and risk factors, such as sexual activity. For genital warts, further testing may be done, such as an HPV test to determine which strain is present. In cases where warts do not respond to treatment or are unusually persistent, a biopsy may be performed to confirm that the growth is benign and not cancerous.
Treatment options for Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
Warts often resolve on their own, especially in individuals with a healthy immune system. However, treatment is available for warts that cause pain, spread, or do not disappear over time. Common treatments include topical treatments such as salicylic acid or cryotherapy, where the wart is frozen off with liquid nitrogen. In some cases, warts may be removed surgically or through laser therapy. For genital warts, treatments may include topical medications, cryotherapy, or surgical removal, depending on the number and size of the warts.
List of drugs for Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
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Medications used to treat Warts (Human Papillomavirus)?
Topical treatments for warts include salicylic acid, which helps to break down the wart tissue. Imiquimod cream is another option, especially for genital warts, as it helps stimulate the immune system to fight the virus. Podophyllin and trichloroacetic acid are other treatments that can be applied by a healthcare provider to remove warts, especially genital warts. For persistent or severe warts, doctors may recommend cryotherapy, laser therapy, or minor surgery.
Lifestyle adjustments for managing Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
While warts may eventually resolve without treatment, individuals can manage them through good hygiene and by protecting the affected area from further irritation. Avoid picking or scratching warts, as this can spread the virus to other areas of the skin. For warts on the hands and feet, using over-the-counter treatments such as salicylic acid can help speed up the healing process. Keeping the affected area dry and clean is essential, as moisture can worsen warts. For genital warts, individuals should follow medical advice for treatment and take steps to prevent transmission to others.
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Indirect and direct costs associated with Warts (Human Papillomavirus)?
The direct costs of warts include the expenses for treatment, which can range from over-the-counter medications to more expensive procedures like cryotherapy, laser therapy, or surgery. Genital warts may also incur higher costs due to the need for specialized treatments and follow-up care. The indirect costs involve lost work productivity, particularly if the warts cause pain or discomfort. For individuals with persistent or widespread warts, the long-term treatment and follow-up care can add to the financial burden.
Living with Warts (Human Papillomavirus)?
Living with warts often involves managing the condition through treatment and practicing good hygiene to prevent the spread of the virus. Most warts resolve over time, but for those that persist or cause discomfort, treatments are available to remove or reduce the warts. People with genital warts should communicate openly with their sexual partners and follow preventive measures to reduce transmission. Support from healthcare providers can help individuals manage the psychological and physical aspects of living with warts.
Support resources for patients with Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
Organizations such as the American Cancer Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offer resources and information about HPV and its associated conditions. Support groups, both online and in-person, provide a platform for individuals to share experiences and coping strategies. For those dealing with genital warts, healthcare providers can offer guidance on managing the condition and reducing the risk of transmission.
The future of research for Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
Research into HPV and warts continues to explore more effective treatments, including vaccines, antivirals, and alternative therapies. Advances in HPV vaccine technology may allow for more comprehensive prevention strategies, including broader protection against a range of HPV types. Researchers are also focusing on better understanding the immune response to HPV infections, which could lead to more effective treatments or cures for persistent warts.
Innovations in care for Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
Innovations in the care of HPV-related warts include the development of more targeted treatments, such as newer topical medications that reduce the size and spread of warts more efficiently. Additionally, ongoing research into HPV vaccines offers hope for broader and longer-lasting protection against the virus, reducing the incidence of warts and HPV-related cancers in the future.
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