Browse Medications by Medical Condition: Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) that primarily affects the liver. It can lead to both acute and chronic liver diseases, ranging from mild illness to severe complications like cirrhosis or liver cancer. HBV is transmitted through blood, semen, or other body fluids of an infected person, often through sexual contact, needle sharing, or from mother to child during childbirth. Hepatitis B is a global health concern, affecting millions worldwide, but it is preventable with a highly effective vaccine.

The existence of hepatitis B was first hypothesized in the mid-20th century when researchers linked "serum hepatitis" to blood transfusions. The discovery of the Australia antigen (HBsAg) in the 1960s led to the identification of the Hepatitis B virus. This breakthrough paved the way for diagnostic tests and the development of the first hepatitis B vaccine in 1981. The introduction of safer blood screening and universal vaccination programs significantly reduced new infections globally. Ongoing research continues to improve treatment options and expand vaccine access.

Hepatitis B is caused by infection with the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus targets the liver, replicating in liver cells and causing inflammation. Transmission occurs through contact with infected blood, semen, or other body fluids. Common routes include unprotected sexual activity, sharing needles, accidental needlesticks in healthcare settings, and perinatal transmission from an infected mother to her baby. The risk of developing chronic hepatitis B depends on the age of infection, with infants and young children being more likely to develop chronic forms.

Several factors increase the risk of HBV infection. Unvaccinated individuals who engage in unprotected sex with multiple partners, share needles, or have occupational exposure to blood are at higher risk. Babies born to HBV-positive mothers and individuals living in regions with high HBV prevalence are particularly vulnerable. Other risk factors include living with an HBV-infected person, receiving unsafe blood transfusions, and undergoing dialysis. Healthcare workers and travelers to endemic areas without vaccination are also at risk.

Preventing hepatitis B involves vaccination, safe practices, and public health measures. The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective and recommended for infants, healthcare workers, and individuals at high risk. Safe practices, such as using condoms during sexual activity and avoiding needle sharing, significantly reduce transmission. Blood and organ donation screening ensure safety in medical procedures. Pregnant women should be screened for HBV to prevent perinatal transmission, and infants born to infected mothers should receive both the vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) shortly after birth.

Symptoms of hepatitis B vary depending on the stage of infection. In acute cases, individuals may experience fatigue, fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Some people remain asymptomatic, especially in the early stages. Chronic hepatitis B often progresses silently, with symptoms appearing only after significant liver damage has occurred, such as fluid retention, easy bruising, or confusion due to liver failure.

Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect HBV antigens, antibodies, or DNA. The presence of the surface antigen (HBsAg) indicates active infection, while antibodies (anti-HBs) signal immunity from vaccination or past infection. HBV DNA tests measure viral load, providing insight into the severity of infection. Liver function tests assess the impact of HBV on the liver. In chronic cases, imaging studies or liver biopsies may be performed to evaluate liver damage or fibrosis.

Treatment for hepatitis B depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis B often resolves on its own, requiring supportive care like hydration and rest. Chronic hepatitis B may be managed with antiviral medications such as tenofovir or entecavir to suppress viral replication and prevent liver damage. Regular monitoring of liver function and HBV DNA levels is essential. In advanced cases with cirrhosis or liver cancer, liver transplantation may be required.

Common medications for chronic hepatitis B include:

• Antiviral drugs: Such as tenofovir and entecavir, which reduce viral replication and liver inflammation.
• Interferon-alpha: An injectable treatment that boosts the immune response against HBV, used in select cases.
• Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG): Provides short-term protection and is used in post-exposure scenarios or for newborns at risk. These treatments aim to control the virus and reduce complications, though they may not cure the infection.

Lifestyle changes can support liver health and complement medical treatment for hepatitis B. Avoiding alcohol and hepatotoxic medications reduces additional strain on the liver. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports overall health. Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight improve liver function and reduce the risk of fatty liver disease. Individuals with hepatitis B should avoid sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes and ensure household members are vaccinated to prevent transmission.

Hepatitis B imposes significant economic burdens, including direct costs for medications, diagnostic tests, and hospitalizations for complications like liver cirrhosis or cancer. Indirect costs arise from lost productivity, reduced quality of life, and caregiver burdens. Public health interventions, such as vaccination programs and safe blood screening, help reduce the incidence of HBV and its associated costs, particularly in regions with high prevalence.

Living with hepatitis B requires regular medical monitoring and adherence to treatment plans. Regular blood tests and imaging help assess liver function and detect complications early. Emotional support from family, friends, or support groups can ease the psychological impact of chronic illness. Staying informed about the condition and practicing safe habits minimizes the risk of transmission to others. With proper management, individuals with hepatitis B can lead healthy and fulfilling lives.

Resources for hepatitis B patients include organizations like the Hepatitis B Foundation and the World Health Organization, which offer educational materials, advocacy, and support networks. Online forums and community groups provide a platform for shared experiences and coping strategies. Hepatologists and infectious disease specialists are valuable resources for diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing care. Public health programs and clinics often provide affordable testing and vaccination services.

Research into hepatitis B focuses on improving treatment and finding a cure. Efforts to develop functional cures aim to eliminate HBV DNA from the liver, potentially ending chronic infection. Advances in antiviral therapies, including combination treatments, are enhancing effectiveness and reducing resistance. Vaccine development continues to improve access and efficacy, particularly in low-resource settings. Studies on the role of the immune system and novel therapeutic targets hold promise for transforming HBV management.

Innovations in hepatitis B care include improved diagnostic tools like point-of-care testing for faster and more accessible detection. Advances in antiviral drug formulations are increasing patient adherence and reducing side effects. Gene-editing technologies like CRISPR are being explored as potential curative treatments. Expanded vaccination campaigns and enhanced global surveillance systems are helping to reduce HBV prevalence and prevent new infections. These advancements bring hope for a future with better outcomes and ultimately the eradication of hepatitis B.