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Ampicillin
Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), gastrointestinal infections, and meningitis. It works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, making it effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Ampicillin is commonly prescribed for infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics, and it can be administered orally or via injection.
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Frequently Asked Questions
How long does it take for ampicillin to work?
Ampicillin usually starts to work within a few days. You may start feeling better within 48-72 hours, but it’s important to finish the entire course of antibiotics to prevent resistance.
Can I take ampicillin with food?
Ampicillin is best absorbed when taken on an empty stomach, but if it causes stomach upset, you may take it with a small snack or meal. Avoid large or heavy meals right before taking it.
What should I do if I develop a rash while taking ampicillin?
A mild rash can be a common side effect, but if it is severe or associated with other symptoms like difficulty breathing or swelling, seek medical attention immediately as it could be an allergic reaction.
Can I drink alcohol while taking ampicillin?
While alcohol does not directly interfere with the action of ampicillin, it can affect the immune system and worsen side effects like nausea or dizziness. It is best to avoid alcohol while taking antibiotics.
Is ampicillin safe during pregnancy?
Ampicillin is generally considered safe during pregnancy, but always consult with your healthcare provider before starting any medication during pregnancy.
Comprehensive Drug Guide
How Does Ampicillin Work?
Ampicillin works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, causing the bacteria to die. It does this by binding to specific proteins in the bacterial cell wall, preventing the bacteria from forming the walls they need to survive. This makes it particularly effective against a wide range of bacterial infections, including both aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
Common Dosages
- Capsules: 250 mg, 500 mg
- Oral suspension: 125 mg/5 mL, 250 mg/5 mL
- Injectable form: 1 g, 2 g vials for IV or IM use
Typical Dosing
- For respiratory tract infections or UTIs: The usual adult dose is 250 mg to 500 mg every 6 hours.
- For severe infections: Higher doses, such as 1-2 g every 4-6 hours, may be administered intravenously in a hospital setting.
- For children: Dosing is typically weight-based, and pediatric patients may require oral suspension.
Typical Dosing
FDA Approved Indications
- Respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis)
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
- Gastrointestinal infections (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella)
- Meningitis (caused by susceptible organisms)
- Endocarditis (prevention in high-risk patients)
- Septicemia
Who Shouldn't Take Ampicillin?
- A known allergy to penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics
- Mononucleosis (using ampicillin may cause a rash)
- Severe renal impairment without appropriate dose adjustments
Advice From The Pharmacist
- Ampicillin is most effective when taken on an empty stomach, typically 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal.
- Finish the full course of antibiotics, even if you start feeling better before the medication is completed.
- If you are using the oral suspension, shake the bottle well before each dose, and store it in the refrigerator.
- If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember, unless it is close to your next scheduled dose—do not double up.
Side Effects of Ampicillin
Common Side Effects
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Rash
- Allergic reactions (such as itching or swelling)
Uncommon/Severe Side Effects
- Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
- Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (severe diarrhea related to antibiotic use)
- Severe skin reactions (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome)
Risks and Warnings of Ampicillin
- Allergic reactions: Patients with a known allergy to penicillin or beta-lactam antibiotics should not take ampicillin. Severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, can occur.
- Superinfection: Prolonged use of ampicillin can lead to overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms, including fungi.
- Gastrointestinal effects: Ampicillin is associated with diarrhea, and in some cases, serious infections like C. difficile-associated diarrhea.
Interactions with Ampicillin
Common Drug Interactions
- Oral contraceptives: Ampicillin can reduce the effectiveness of hormonal birth control. Use an additional form of contraception while taking the medication.
- Allopurinol: The use of allopurinol with ampicillin increases the likelihood of a drug-induced rash.
- Aminoglycosides: Ampicillin may inactivate aminoglycosides when mixed in the same IV line, so they should not be administered together.
Alternatives to Ampicillin
- Amoxicillin: A similar penicillin antibiotic that is better absorbed and used for similar infections.
- Cefuroxime: A second-generation cephalosporin often used for respiratory and urinary tract infections.
- Levofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for respiratory and urinary infections, often in patients with penicillin allergies.
- Doxycycline: A tetracycline antibiotic used for a range of infections, including respiratory tract and skin infections.
