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Enoxaparin Sodium
Enoxaparin sodium, commonly known by the brand name Lovenox, is an anticoagulant (blood thinner) used to prevent and treat harmful blood clots. It is a type of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) that helps reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and other clot-related conditions. Enoxaparin is often used in patients after surgeries, during hospitalization, or for those with conditions that increase the risk of clot formation, such as atrial fibrillation. It is also used to prevent complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes (e.g., heart attack or unstable angina).
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Frequently Asked Questions
How long do I need to take enoxaparin?
The duration of treatment with enoxaparin depends on the condition being treated. For post-surgical DVT prevention, treatment usually lasts 7 to 10 days. For DVT/PE treatment, it may last several weeks to months, depending on the patient's risk factors.
Can I self-administer enoxaparin at home?
Yes, with proper instruction from your healthcare provider, you can self-administer enoxaparin via subcutaneous injection at home. Your healthcare provider will show you the correct technique and injection sites.
What should I do if I miss a dose?
If you miss a dose of enoxaparin, take it as soon as you remember. If it’s close to the time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and continue with your regular dosing schedule. Do not double up on doses.
Can enoxaparin be used during pregnancy?
Enoxaparin is often used during pregnancy to prevent blood clots, as it does not cross the placenta and is generally considered safe for pregnant women. However, its use should be closely monitored by your healthcare provider.
What are the signs of enoxaparin overdose?
Signs of an overdose include severe or unusual bleeding, such as from cuts that do not stop bleeding, prolonged nosebleeds, black or bloody stools, and blood in the urine. If you suspect an overdose, seek medical attention immediately.
Comprehensive Drug Guide
How Does Enoxaparin Sodium Work?
Enoxaparin works by enhancing the activity of antithrombin III, a protein that inhibits blood-clotting factors, particularly Factor Xa and thrombin. By reducing the activity of these clotting factors, enoxaparin helps to prevent the formation of new clots and stops existing clots from growing larger. It provides anticoagulation while having a more predictable effect compared to standard heparin.
Common Dosages
Enoxaparin is available by prescription only and is not classified as a controlled substance. It is commonly administered via subcutaneous injection (under the skin). Pre-filled syringes and multi-dose vials are available in a range of dosages, including:
- 30 mg/0.3 mL
- 40 mg/0.4 mL
- 60 mg/0.6 mL
- 80 mg/0.8 mL
- 100 mg/1 mL
Common dosing of enoxaparin sodium depends on the indication:
- For DVT prevention: 40 mg once daily or 30 mg twice daily, typically for 7-10 days following surgery.
- For DVT treatment: 1 mg/kg every 12 hours or 1.5 mg/kg once daily.
- For acute coronary syndromes: 1 mg/kg every 12 hours in combination with aspirin.
Typical Dosing
FDA Approved Indications
- Prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing surgery (e.g., hip replacement, knee replacement, abdominal surgery)
- Treatment of DVT with or without pulmonary embolism
- Prevention of DVT and PE in medically ill patients during prolonged hospitalization
- Acute coronary syndrome (e.g., unstable angina, heart attack)
- Prevention of ischemic complications in patients with unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction
Pediatric Dosing
Who Shouldn't Take Enoxaparin Sodium?
- Active major bleeding
- History of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
- Hypersensitivity to enoxaparin, heparin, or pork products
- Severe renal impairment (without dosage adjustment)
Advice From The Pharmacist
- Administer enoxaparin as prescribed, via subcutaneous injection, usually into the abdomen. Rotate injection sites to avoid irritation or bruising.
- Do not rub the injection site after administration, as this can cause bruising.
- Monitor for signs of excessive bleeding or bruising, such as bleeding gums, nosebleeds, or blood in the urine or stool.
- Store enoxaparin syringes or vials at room temperature and away from direct sunlight.
Side Effects of Enoxaparin Sodium
Common Side Effects
- Pain, redness, or bruising at the injection site
- Mild bleeding or bruising
- Nausea
- Fever
- Diarrhea
Uncommon/Severe Side Effects
- Severe bleeding (e.g., gastrointestinal or brain hemorrhage)
- Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
- Allergic reactions (rash, swelling, difficulty breathing)
- Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): A rare but serious immune-mediated reaction causing blood clots.
Risks and Warnings of Enoxaparin Sodium
- Bleeding Risk: As with all anticoagulants, enoxaparin increases the risk of bleeding. Patients should be monitored closely, especially those with a history of bleeding disorders or those taking other anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications.
- Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT): Enoxaparin can cause a rare but serious condition called HIT, which leads to the formation of blood clots despite low platelet counts. Patients should be monitored for signs of thrombocytopenia.
- Spinal/Epidural Hematoma: Patients receiving spinal anesthesia or undergoing spinal puncture while on enoxaparin are at increased risk of developing an epidural or spinal hematoma, which can result in long-term or permanent paralysis.
Interactions with Enoxaparin Sodium
Common Drug Interactions
- Other anticoagulants and antiplatelets: Combining enoxaparin with other blood thinners like warfarin, aspirin, or clopidogrel increases the risk of bleeding.
- NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen or naproxen can also increase the risk of bleeding when used with enoxaparin.
- Herbal supplements: Supplements like ginkgo biloba, garlic, and ginger may increase the risk of bleeding.
Alternatives to Enoxaparin Sodium
- Heparin: A more traditional anticoagulant that requires more frequent monitoring and dosage adjustments compared to enoxaparin.
- Fondaparinux (Arixtra): A synthetic anticoagulant that inhibits Factor Xa and is used as an alternative to enoxaparin in certain situations.
- Warfarin (Coumadin): An oral anticoagulant that requires regular blood testing to monitor clotting time (INR).
- Rivaroxaban (Xarelto): A direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) that may be used as an alternative for DVT/PE prevention and treatment.